AM LOOP ANTENNAS Now QUINN approved! Erin Sanders, who plays the part of teenage inventor Quinn on Nickelodeon's 'Zoey 101' show, with the author. The words antenna (plural: antennas. Antennas & Propagation CS 6710 Spring 2010. Advancements in Automotive Antennas 515 2.2 Impedance matching conventions In low frequency electronic circuits ordinary wires are used to connect components together. Antenna Patterns and Their Meaning Much can be learned about how an antenna performs from its patterns. This paper describes many of the common antenna parameters that can be understood from the patterns. There are several different types and they all have their place. However, there can be some confusion surrounding the language used to specify antennas as well as the basic function of each type of antenna. The purpose of this white paper is to dispel the confusion surrounding antennas and their function. This document is not meant to be an electromagnetic primer nor a deployment guide. Rather, it should be used as a dictionary of basic antennas and antenna terminology as well as a tutorial specifically covering antenna patterns and the parameters associated with those patterns. 3 Fundamental Properties of Antennas The beginning of wisdom is the definition of terms. Nikolova 2010 1 LECTURE 19: Reflector Antennas Equation Section 19 1. Introduction High-gain antennas are required for long-distance radio communications. The focus is on many of the various antennas that might be encountered in a wireless LAN system. Along the way, the antenna patterns are shown and explained, including the 3- D radiation pattern from the antennas. Typical performance from each antenna type is described as well. Of course, there are plenty of exceptions to the . But it is often helpful to see a few examples and have some of these parameters highlighted. These antennas are shown in Figure 1. Although these antenna packages might vary somewhat from one manufacturer to another, these are typical packages for these types of antennas. The function of each of these antenna types is explained in some detail in this paper. Various Antennas Commonly Found in WLAN Systems Historical Note: The antenna type that we commonly refer to as a Yagi was first developed in the late 1. Shintaro Uda and Hidetsugu Yagi at Tohoku University in Japan. While the antenna was mainly developed by Uda, Professor Yagi popularized the antenna design in the US and elsewhere through various conference presentations. Yagi's name has been associated with this antenna type since that time. In fact, an antenna's properties are the same in either operating mode. So, whether it is stated or not, all the definitions and descriptions describe antennas that are either part of a transmitter or a receiver. An. antenna is a transducer between a guided wave and a radiated wave, or vice versa. The radiated energy is characterized by the antenna's radiation pattern. The radiation pattern or. That is, the antenna's pattern describes how the antenna radiates energy out into space (or how it receives energy). It is important to state that an antenna radiates energy in all directions, at least to some extent, so the antenna pattern is actually three- dimensional. It is common, however, to describe this 3. D pattern with two planar patterns, called the. These principal plane patterns can be obtained by making two slices through the 3. D pattern through the maximum value of the pattern or by direct measurement. It is these principal plane patterns that are commonly referred to as the antenna patterns. Figure 2 shows a possible coordinate system used for making such antenna measurements. Antenna Measurement Coordinate System. In discussions of principal plane patterns or even antenna patterns, you will frequently encounter the terms. The term. azimuth is commonly found in reference to . When used to describe antenna patterns, these terms assume that the antenna is mounted (or measured) in the orientation in which it will be used. In Figure 2, the x- y plane (. The azimuth plane pattern is measured when the measurement is made traversing the entire x- y plane around the antenna under test. The elevation plane is then a plane orthogonal to the x- y plane, say the y- z plane (. The elevation plane pattern is made traversing the entire y- z plane around the antenna under test. This gives the viewer the ability to easily visualize how the antenna radiates in all directions as if the antenna was . Occasionally, it may be helpful to plot the antenna patterns in Cartesian (rectangular) coordinates, especially when there are several side lobes in the patterns and where the levels of these side lobes are important. Any given antenna pattern has portions of the pattern that are called. In general, a. lobe is any part of the pattern that is surrounded by regions of relatively weaker radiation. So a lobe is any part of the pattern that . Figure 3 provides a view of a radiation pattern with the lobes labeled in each type of plot. Radiation Patterns in Polar and Cartesian Coordinates Showing Various Types of Lobes Isotropic radiator. An. isotropic radiator is a hypothetical lossless antenna that radiates its energy equally in all directions. This imaginary antenna would have a spherical radiation pattern and the principal plane cuts would both be circles (indeed, any plane cut would be a circle). The. gain of an antenna (in any given direction) is defined as the ratio of the power gain in a given direction to the power gain of a reference antenna in the same direction. It is standard practice to use an isotropic radiator as the reference antenna in this definition. Note that an isotropic radiator would be lossless and that it would radiate its energy equally in all directions. That means that the gain of an isotropic radiator is G = 1 (or 0 d. B). It is customary to use the unit d. Bi (decibels relative to an isotropic radiator) for gain with respect to an isotropic radiator. Gain expressed in d. Bi is computed using the following formula. Gd. Bi = 1. 0*Log (GNumeric/GIsotropic) = 1. Log (GNumeric). Occasionally, a theoretical dipole is used as the reference, so the unit d. Bd (decibels relative to a dipole) will be used to describe the gain with respect to a dipole. This unit tends to be used when referring to the gain of omnidirectional antennas of higher gain. In the case of these higher gain omnidirectional antennas, their gain in d. Bd would be an expression of their gain above 2. Bi. So if an antenna has a gain of 3 d. Bd it also has a gain of 5. Bi. The antenna simply directs the way the radiated power is distributed relative to radiating the power equally in all directions and the gain is just a characterization of the way the power is radiated. The. 3- d. B beamwidth (or half- power beamwidth) of an antenna is typically defined for each of the principal planes. The 3- d. B beamwidth in each plane is defined as the angle between the points in the main lobe that are down from the maximum gain by 3 d. B. This is illustrated in Figure 3. The 3- d. B beamwidth in the plot in this figure is shown as the angle between the two blue lines in the polar plot. In this example, the 3- d. B beamwidth in this plane is about 3. Antennas with wide beamwidths typically have low gain and antennas with narrow beamwidths tend to have higher gain. Remember that gain is a measure of how much of the power is radiated in a given direction. So an antenna that directs most of its energy into a narrow beam (at least in one plane) will have a higher gain. The. front- to- back ratio (F/B) is used as a figure of merit that attempts to describe the level of radiation from the back of a directional antenna. Basically, the front- to- back ratio is the ratio of the peak gain in the forward direction to the gain 1. Of course on a d. B scale, the front- to- back ratio is just the difference between the peak gain in the forward direction and the gain 1. The. polarization or polarization state of an antenna is a somewhat difficult and involved concept. An antenna will generate an electromagnetic wave that varies in time as it travels through space. If that wave rotates or . As a special case, if that wave spins out in a circular path, the wave (or antenna) is. This implies that certain antennas are sensitive to particular types of electromagnetic waves. The practical implication of this concept is that antennas with the same polarization provide the best transmission/reception path. If a linearly polarized antenna launches a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling . Linear polarization also includes the possibility of the electromagnetic waves traveling . Often antennas can simply be physically rotated to make them horizontally or vertically polarized, although this may not always be the best choice. So a similarly polarized antenna should be used to receive these signals. This spin direction is typically characterized by left circular polarization (LCP) or right circular polarization (RCP). A dipole is usually called vertically polarized because of the way a dipole is typically used, that is, because it is mounted vertically, but the antenna is linearly polarized. Likewise, antennas that are circular in their construction do not have to be circularly polarized. Many circular patches are linearly polarized and many rectangular patches are circularly polarized. These examples are simple demonstrations of the fact that the polarization state of an antenna is not related to its shape. The. voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage in a standing wave pattern. A standing wave is developed when power is reflected from a load. So the VSWR is a measure of how much power is delivered to a device as opposed to the amount of power that is reflected from the device. If the source and load impedance are the same, the VSWR is 1: 1; there is no reflected power. So the VSWR is also a measure of how closely the source and load impedance are matched. For most antennas in WLAN, it is a measure of how close the antenna is to a perfect 5. Ohms. The. VSWR bandwidth is defined as the frequency range over which an antenna has a specified VSWR. Often, the 2: 1 VSWR bandwidth is specified, but 1. A. directional antenna is one that radiates its energy more effectively in one (or some) direction than others. Typically, these antennas have one main lobe and several minor lobes. Examples of directional antennas are patches and dishes. An. omnidirectional antenna is an antenna that has a non- directional pattern (circular pattern) in a given plane with a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane.
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Obesity fact sheet from WHO providing key facts and information on causes, health consequences, double burden of disease, prevention, WHO response. President Obama proclaimed September 2016 National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month to encourage action in helping kids lead healthier lives. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained. This site has moved to http:// Please update your bookmarks and click here to visit the new site. The government of the United States of America is the federal government of the republic of fifty states that constitute the United States, as well as one capital district, and several other territories. The federal government. Accessible Search Form. Search the NHLBI, use the drop down list to select: the entire site, the Health Topics section only, or the News and Resources section. NHLBI Entire Site; Health Topics; News. Calculate Your Body Mass Index. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women. Enter your weight and height using standard or metric measures. Recommended Community Strategies and Measurements to Prevent Obesity in the United States. Laura Kettel Khan, PhD 1. Kathleen Sobush, MS, MPH 2. Kenneth Goodman, MA 3. In 2. 01. 4, more than 1. Of these over 6. 00 million were obese. Most of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. Obesity is preventable. What are overweight and obesity? Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight- for- height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m. Adults. For adults, WHO defines overweight and obesity as follows: overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 2. There is no single cause of all overweight and obesity. There is no single approach that can help prevent or treat overweight and obesity. Treatment may include a mix of behavioral treatment, diet, exercise, and sometimes.BMI greater than or equal to 3. BMI provides the most useful population- level measure of overweight and obesity as it is the same for both sexes and for all ages of adults. However, it should be considered a rough guide because it may not correspond to the same degree of fatness in different individuals. For children, age needs to be considered when defining overweight and obesity. Children under 5 years of age. For children under 5 years of age: overweight is weight- for- height greater than 2 standard deviations above WHO Child Growth Standards median; andobesity is weight- for- height greater than 3 standard deviations above the WHO Child Growth Standards median. Children aged between 5–1. Overweight and obesity are defined as follows for children aged between 5–1. BMI- for- age greater than 1 standard deviation above the WHO Growth Reference median; and obesity is greater than 2 standard deviations above the WHO Growth Reference median. Facts about overweight and obesity Some recent WHO global estimates follow. In 2. 01. 4, more than 1. Of these over 6. 00 million adults were obese. Overall, about 1. In 2. 01. 4, 3. 9% of adults aged 1. The worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1. In 2. 01. 4, an estimated 4. Once considered a high- income country problem, overweight and obesity are now on the rise in low- and middle- income countries, particularly in urban settings. In Africa, the number of children who are overweight or obese has nearly doubled from 5. Globally, there has been: an increased intake of energy- dense foods that are high in fat; and an increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization. Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns are often the result of environmental and societal changes associated with development and lack of supportive policies in sectors such as health, agriculture, transport, urban planning, environment, food processing, distribution, marketing, and education. What are common health consequences of overweight and obesity? Raised BMI is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as: cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease and stroke), which were the leading cause of death in 2. The risk for these noncommunicable diseases increases, with increases in BMI. Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity, premature death and disability in adulthood. But in addition to increased future risks, obese children experience breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and psychological effects. Facing a double burden of disease. Many low- and middle- income countries are now facing a . At the same time, these children are exposed to high- fat, high- sugar, high- salt, energy- dense, and micronutrient- poor foods, which tend to be lower in cost but also lower in nutrient quality. These dietary patterns, in conjunction with lower levels of physical activity, result in sharp increases in childhood obesity while undernutrition issues remain unsolved. How can overweight and obesity be reduced? Overweight and obesity, as well as their related noncommunicable diseases, are largely preventable. Supportive environments and communities are fundamental in shaping people’s choices, by making the choice of healthier foods and regular physical activity the easiest choice (the choice that is the most accessible, available and affordable), and therefore preventing overweight and obesity. At the individual level, people can: limit energy intake from total fats and sugars; increase consumption of fruit and vegetables, as well as legumes, whole grains and nuts; andengage in regular physical activity (6. Individual responsibility can only have its full effect where people have access to a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, at the societal level it is important to support individuals in following the recommendations above, through sustained implementation of evidence based and population based policies that make regular physical activity and healthier dietary choices available, affordable and easily accessible to everyone, particularly to the poorest individuals. An example of such a policy is a tax on sugar sweetened beverages. The food industry can play a significant role in promoting healthy diets by: reducing the fat, sugar and salt content of processed foods; ensuring that healthy and nutritious choices are available and affordable to all consumers; restricting marketing of foods high in sugars, salt and fats, especially those foods aimed at children and teenagers; andensuring the availability of healthy food choices and supporting regular physical activity practice in the workplace. WHO response. Adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2. The Strategy calls upon all stakeholders to take action at global, regional and local levels to improve diets and physical activity patterns at the population level. The Political Declaration of the High Level Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases of September 2. The political declaration commits to advancing the implementation of the . The “Global Action Plan” will contribute to progress on 9 global NCD targets to be attained by 2. NCDs by 2. 02. 5 and a halt in the rise of global obesity to match the rates of 2. In 2. 01. 6 the World Health Assembly welcomed the report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity and its 6 recommendations to address the obesogenic environment and critical periods in the life course to tackle childhood obesity. The Assembly requested the Director- General to develop an implementation plan to guide further action. Spectrum Remote Controls - UR4-EXP CHD2. Turn on the equipment you wish to program. Spectrum Remote Controls - Motorola UR4-DSR. Need codes for universal remote control inc model ur. The only ones I can find are 0. The Component LED will lightfor 3. STEP3 Point the remote toward the. Component and press the . The remote will emit aseries of ON/OFF commands. If anyof the functions do not work as theyshould, repeat from STEP 3 using. 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Discover Your Power: Free Transcendental Meditation Technique. When I started seeking meditation and joined a yoga and meditation class, my teacher encouraged me to read books on meditation. It is in one of the books by Deepak Chopra I learned about transcendental meditation. Reading more about meditation, I came to know that this is most popular method of meditations. I naturally wanted to practice this. When I met the qualified and official teacher of this meditation, I came to know that I need to pay for learning it. Not having money I could not learn transcendental at that time but I continued my interest in it and started reading more about it. To my surprise, there is no book which actually teaches the steps of that kind of meditation. What I was looking for was to learn free transcendental meditation and there was no free course anywhere, If at all I wanted to learn then I had to pay thousands of dollars. The Transcendental Meditation technique is a specific form of mantra meditation developed by Maharishi Mahesh. TM teachers are trained to speak on the Transcendental Meditation program, teach it to others. I continued to search for a way to learn the transcendental meditation freely as I did not like the teacher whom I met years back. He has not looked like a person who meditates daily. HRM Transcendental Meditation program, Halifax, Nova Scotia. For a lifetime of benefits, we provide personal. This is a daily updated global website about the technique of Transcendental Meditation. We cover everything, from latest research to smartest quotes from TM celebrities. Free Guided Meditations. For an introduction to mindfulness meditation that you can practice on your own, turn on your speakers and click on the 'Play' button. Podcasts are also available on iTunes. Download iTunes » For a. Free Transcendental Meditation Program NjDuring my search, I came to know that transcendental meditation is just mantra meditation which many people in India practice without knowing that it is called Transcendental Meditation in the West. Mantra is just a sound. Mantra meditation technique involves chanting a mantra. The official transcendental meditation people claims it to be scientific, but for me meditation should be more of spiritual and mental. Fortunately enough I visited a website on meditation where I could download meditation CDs and came to know that the type of meditation taught in that CDs are very similar to transcendental meditation. The lessons also gives you the mantra. Only thing you have to do is try all the mantras to see which takes you to a state of concentration fast and stick to it. Yes the effect of mantra is indeed different to different people. Oh yes, you can download the meditation course and try a free transcendental meditation type of course from (url removed on Oct 1. Soham). Update. I have removed the url (which someone thinks a link) to the website which offers course of meditation to be downloaded freely.
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That has changed in the intervening years as researchers conducted studies and clinical trials. Reading the official study summary of a just published clinical trial on the value of using the nicotine patch for two weeks prior to quitting smoking, and an. Consideration of Sex in Clinical Trials of Transdermal Nicotine Patch: A Systematic Review Andrea H. Weinberger and Philip H. Smith Yale University School of Medicine. Nicotine patch inventor fudges patch study findings. This article reviews how clinical trial smoking cessation researchers snagged victory from the jaws of defeat and the potential cost of doing so. Reading the official study summary (abstract) of a just published clinical trial on the value of using the nicotine patch for two weeks prior to quitting smoking, and an additional 1. Duke Medical University Professor Jed E. Rose, Ph. D, leaves readers with the clear impression that the results were a resounding success, that pre- quitting patch use . Rose did not have a financial stake in this study when it was published, it's unclear whether one existed at the time the study was conducted and written. Rose has received royalties from sales of certain nicotine patches and is named as inventor on nicotine skin patents that expired in 2. The quitting portion of the. Two different definitions of . Successful continuous cessation is defined as a study quitter having had zero smoking lapses, not even a puff, since the study's original quit smoking date. Use of the 7- day point prevalence standard presents a clearer and fairer representation of which study participants have actually quit at any given study assessment point. Continuous cessation fails to count participants who needed a day or two of false starts before successfully adapting to either ending all nicotine use or to successful transfer of their chemical dependency to a new means of dopamine pathway stimulation (replacement nicotine, bupropion or varenicline). This study's 2 week pre- quitting period is a tad unusual in that half of participants continued smoking while wearing nicotine patches, while the other half smoked while being led to believe they too were wearing nicotine patches. Years of extremely quick and highly precise delivery conditioned smokers to expect to rapidly satisfy insula driven urges, craves and anxieties. Clinical Practice Guideline abandons continuous cessation as the primary evidence standard and instead focuses on 7- day point prevalence stop smoking rates in compiling, comparing and presenting quitting method evidence. Guideline update states that, . Point prevalence was preferred for several reasons. First, this was the modal reporting method among the analyzable studies. Second, continuous abstinence data may underestimate the percentage of individuals who are abstinent at particular followup timepoints, although some data suggest that these rates are similar. Finally, most relapse begins early in a quit attempt and persists. A point prevalence measure taken at 6 months certainly. Therefore, whenever possible, 7- day point prevalence abstinence data were used. If point prevalence data were not available, the preferred alternative was continuous abstinence data. Rose is credited with 4. Guideline, that compare placebo performance to pharmacolgy but have little or no foundation in actual quitting realities or science. Nearly all news accounts of this study are like a July 9, L. A. Times story that appears to have relied upon a Duke University press release. As with most cessation study news accounts, there is no indication here that the Times reporter actually read the full- text of the study, a factor those authoring study press releases seem to be increasingly relying upon (see Pfizer's initial Chantix press releases). The Times article makes no reference to point prevalence rates, nor does a July 9 Science Daily article. Pre- quitting portion of the study was not blind. The paper asserts that . Rose shared data within this study that clearly indicates that blinding had failed. National Cancer Institute survey of 8,2. Wall Street Journal, Page A1, February 8, 2. Rose's conclusion that smoking nicotine while also wearing the patch was . A June 2. 00. 9 Kentucky study reports that ICU nicotine patch use by coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients resulted in a 6- fold increase in risk of death (OR 6. CI 1. 6. 5 to 2. 2. But headline grabbing papers like this it may already be happening. How many will be harmed because the editors of Nicotine & Tobacco. Research failed to require that the study's summary advise readers that 3. This Philip Morris funded study is a classic example of dropping the research ball. It's music to the nicotine addict's ears! Rose are surely aware, the results were devastating. Polito, am solely responsible for the content of this article. Any errors brought to my attention will be immediately corrected. Recent Related Reading Polito, JR The Surgeon General's Reports: 5. January 2. 0, 2. 01. Polito, JR Australia's half- baked quit smoking campaign, November 3. Polito, JR The Great American quit smoking sham, November 1. Polito JR BMJ's non- publication policy should extend to pharma's nicotine, BMJ, October 1. Gallup Poll: cold turkey 4. Nicorette, August 2. Polito JR Cold turkey quitting still king, July 1. Polito JR Pharma bias destroys ITC quit smoking medication study, August 2. Polito JR Potent warnings, horrible quitting advice: what's the CDC smoking?, March 1. Polito JR Replacement Nicotine's Killing Fields, February 1. Polito JR Dying truths about quitting smoking methods, November 1. Siegel, M, Bias against cold turkey quitting apparent in literature, November 3, 2. Moore TJ et al Suicidal behavior and depression in smoking cessation treatments, November 3, 2. Siegel, M, Study finds cold turkey quitting more effective but concludes opposite, November 1, 2. Chapman, S, Tar wars over smoking cessation, BMJ Link, August 8, 2. Polito JR Is a 1. Chantix success rate worth risking death?, June 1. Polito JR Chantix fails to defeat nicotine patch - John R. Polito, March 3. 0, 2. Polito JR Chantix serious injuries exceed 8,5. January 2. 8, 2. 01. Polito JR Chantix - Champix worth questioned, January 6, 2. Polito JR How to quit smoking, December 1. Polito JR Glaxo. Smith. Kline continues defrauding smokers, November 2, 2. Polito JR Little communication in failed war against smoking , August 8, 2. Polito JR Addiction to smoking nicotine a mental illness and disease, April 4, 2. Polito JR Smoke. Free. Buy. Meds. now, March 2. Nitzkin JL AAPHP calls for end to cold turkey discrimination, March 2. Polito JR CDC ignores cold turkey quitters, March 1. Siegel M, Study shows extended NRT is extremely ineffective; unaided far better , March 4, 2. Siegel M, Four members of FDA tobacco advisory committee received pharm money, March 2, 2. Siegel M, Glaxo. Smith. Kline given seat on FDA tobacco advisory committee, March 1, 2. Chapman S and Mac. Kenzie R The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation, February 2. Chapman S Smoking Racket, ABC. February 1. 0, 2. Polito, JR Chantix/Champix worth questioned, December 2. Polito, JR Five facts Chantix ads keep hidden, December 2. Polito JR Petition for Honest Quit Smoking Studies, December 2, 2. Polito JR University of Wisconsin: World's Pharm Nicotine Sales Center, November 1. Polito JR Nicotine causes x. November 3, 2. 00. Polito JR Nicorette, Commit lozenge and Nico. Derm CQ cancer scares, October 2. Polito JR Tobacco control integrity champ demands review of U. S. 1. 4, 2. 00. 8Our free quitting e- books. Read both & demolish quitting anxieties! Learn More About Smart Turkey Quitting. Why. Quit. com - Why. Quit is the Internet's oldest forum devoted to the art, science and psychology of cold turkey quitting, the stop smoking method used by the vast majority of all successful long- term ex- smokers. Left to right, Why. Quit is organized under three headings: (1) Motivation, (2) Education and (3) Support. It is an insightful collection of almost 1. Polito, a former 3. Why. Quit's 1. 99. Freedom from Nicotine (FFN) is a free nicotine dependency recovery book that documents the science underlying nicotine dependency and successful cessation. Whether hooked on cigarettes, e- cigarettes (e- cigs), bidis, kreteks, a pipe, hookah or cigars, on dip, chew, snuff or snus, or on the nicotine gum, lozenge, spray, inhaler or patch, FFN provides a comprehensive yet easy to follow road- map to freedom from nicotine. Joel's Library is also home to more than 1. Never Take Another Puff, and to his collection of more than 2. Home to Joel Spitzer, Freedom is the Internet's only 1. Long- term nicotine replacement therapy: a randomized clinical trial. This decision was based in part on data showing increased efficacy for 2. Few studies have examined whether the use of nicotine patches beyond 2. OBJECTIVE: To compare 8 (standard), 2. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We recruited 5. June 2. 2, 2. 00. April 1. 5, 2. 01. INTERVENTIONS: Smokers received 1. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was 7- day point prevalence abstinence, confirmed with breath levels of carbon monoxide at 6 and 1. RESULTS: At 2. 4 weeks, 2. In a multivariate model controlled for covariates, participants in the extended and maintenance treatment arms reported significantly greater abstinence rates at 2. At 5. 2 weeks, participants in the maintenance treatment arm did not report significantly greater abstinence rates compared with participants in the standard and extended treatment arms (2. OR, 1. 1. 7 . Similarly, we found no difference in week 5. OR, 1. 3. 3 . 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Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. Postgraduate courses ? We believe there’s never been a better time to join us. As well as being the largest academic institution in the UK and a world leader in flexible learning, we’re renowned for our postgraduate programmes. With our range of subjects, world- leading research and outstanding academics, there’s no limit to what you can achieve. The University of the Philippines Open University (also referred to as UPOU, UP Open University, or UP OpenU) is a public research university and distance learning institution headquartered in the town of Los Ba. It was established on. 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UP Open University Celebrates 20th Commencement Exercises and Investiture of 4th Chancellor. Massive Open Distance e-Learning (MODeL) Free Online Course on Art in the ASEAN Region Popular Links Application Guide Course Offerings Forms How to. Fill out the Email Sign Up Form and select Open University and any other programs you are interested in to get email notification when new. Welcome to Open University San Jos UP Faculty and REPS Development Program UP Scientific Productivity System UP Arts Productivity System Research Centers Alumni Transparency Seal. Master’s in Metaphysical Science, M.Msc. Awarded by the University of Metaphysics Based on Dr. Masters’ 57-plus years of full-time Metaphysical practice and extensive contact with other professional metaphysicians during that time, this curriculum is written. For more details, please go to the Office of Admissions website. Those who want to study at the UP Open University, may want to check this link for instructions. 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